South Korea

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By Su-Hyun Lee and Sang-Hun Choe

Korea's old name, Chosun, means "the land of morning calm." But the nation has had a turbulent modern history. After 35 years of Japanese colonial rule, it was liberated by the Allied forces at the end of World War II — only to be divided into the Communist North and the pro-Western South. The two sides, the North aided by the Chinese and the South by the Americans, fought the Korean War from 1950 to 1953. The war ended in a cease-fire, not with a peace treaty, leaving the peninsula technically still in a state of war.

The inter-Korean border remains the world's most heavily fortified frontier, guarded on both sides by nearly two million battle-ready troops. To the north, North Koreans live under a totalitarian dictatorship that keeps its people in isolation and hunger. To the south, people live in the freedom of one of the world's largest economies — although the export economy has been hammered by the global downturn.

The two Koreas held military talks at the border village of Panmunjom on Sept. 30. The event followed news in North Korea that the youngest son of the country's leader, Kim Jong-il had received major military and political posts. While the two sides’ militaries met for the first time in two years, the talks ended with no apparent progress and no new meetings scheduled, according to an official with South Korea's Defense Ministry. However, on Oct. 1, as a sign that tensions may be easing, the two countries agreed to hold a series of reunions of families separated by the Korean War.

South Korea is one of the closest allies of the United States, a tie that both sides have seen as increasingly important given the rise of Chinese power. But differences remain: during a meeting of the Group of 20 in Seoul in November 2010, President Obama and President President Lee Myung-bak failed to reach an agreement on a long-awaited free-trade agreement because of disagreements over Korean imports of American autos and beef.

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